Direction (1-100): In the following questions, a few words have been highlighted which may or may not require improvement. Interchange the words using the given alternatives in order to form a grammatically and contextually correct sentence. If no interchange is required, choose option E as your answer.
PASSAGE 1 :
Unemployment is one of the most pressing issues faced by economies worldwide, and it significantly impacts both individuals and society at large. Defined as the state of being without a job despite being capable and willing to work, unemployment can be caused by various factors, including economic downturns, technological advancements, and changes in industries. When unemployment rates rise, the consequences extend beyond mere financial hardship. Social unrest, increased poverty, and psychological distress are just a few of the ripple effects.
In India, unemployment has been a persistent challenge for decades, particularly in rural areas and among young people. While the government has implemented several schemes aimed at alleviating the issue, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), there are still significant gaps in employment opportunities. Factors such as the mismatch between education and industry requirements and the lack of skill development programs further exacerbate the problem.
Additionally, automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing industries, rendering many traditional jobs obsolete. This shift is particularly evident in manufacturing and agriculture, where machines have replaced human labor. While technology brings innovation and efficiency, it also contributes to a growing divide in the labor market, with low-skilled workers being the most affected.
In urban areas, the rise of the gig economy has introduced new employment models, providing flexibility but often lacking the security and benefits of traditional jobs. Freelancers, delivery workers, and temporary contractors are increasingly becoming part of this new workforce, but the uncertainty and lack of long-term stability can lead to precarious living conditions
Efforts to combat unemployment require a multi-faceted approach, including the creation of new industries, upskilling the workforce, and promoting entrepreneurship. In addition, addressing issues such as gender inequality in the labor market and the informal sector’s role in providing jobs is crucial. Without these efforts, the problem of unemployment will continue to hinder economic progress and development.
1. What is the definition of unemployment as described in the passage?
- A. The state of working part-time but seeking full-time employment.
- B. The refusal to work despite job opportunities.
- C. The condition of receiving government assistance while unemployed.
- D. The state of being unable to work due to illness.
- E. The state of being without a job despite being capable and willing to work.
E. The state of being without a job despite being capable and willing to work.
The passage defines unemployment as the state of being jobless despite being able and willing to work.
2. Which government scheme is mentioned as an effort to address unemployment in India?
- A. Startup India
- B. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
- C. Make in India
- D. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
- E. Digital India
D. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
The passage highlights MGNREGA as a scheme aimed at alleviating unemployment, particularly in rural areas.
3. What is the synonym of “capable” as used in the passage?
- A. Unskilled
- B. Irresponsible
- C. Weak
- D. Qualified
- E. Incompetent
D. Qualified
In the context of the passage, “capable” means being able or qualified to work.
4. What are the effects of unemployment mentioned in the passage?
- A. Reduced economic inequality
- B. Social unrest, increased poverty, and psychological distress
- C. Stability in financial markets
- D. Improved mental health and personal growth
- E. Increased wealth and social cohesion
B. Social unrest, increased poverty, and psychological distress
The passage describes these negative consequences as the ripple effects of rising unemployment.
5. What does the passage suggest about automation and AI?
- A. They are primarily affecting high-skilled workers
- B. They reduce efficiency in the workplace
- C. They will create more jobs than they eliminate
- D. They are not yet widely implemented in any industries
- E. They are replacing traditional jobs, particularly in manufacturing and agriculture
E. They are replacing traditional jobs, particularly in manufacturing and agriculture
The passage mentions that automation and AI are rendering many traditional jobs, especially in these sectors, obsolete.
6. What is the antonym of “precarious” as used in the passage?
- A. Secure
- B. Temporary
- C. Uncertain
- D. Risky
- E. Dangerous
A. Secure
“Precarious” refers to something unstable or insecure, so “secure” is its antonym.
7. Which sector has contributed to the rise of the gig economy in urban areas?
- A. Education
- B. Real estate
- C. Freelancers and temporary contractors
- D. Public sector jobs
- E. Healthcare
C. Freelancers and temporary contractors
The passage identifies freelancers, delivery workers, and temporary contractors as part of the gig economy.
8. What are some solutions mentioned for combating unemployment?
- A. Discouraging women from entering the workforce
- B. Closing factories and reducing automation
- C. Increasing reliance on traditional farming methods
- D. Upskilling the workforce and promoting entrepreneurship
- E. Limiting access to education
D. Upskilling the workforce and promoting entrepreneurship
The passage emphasizes the need for upskilling and entrepreneurship to address unemployment.
9. What should be placed in the blanks _________(1) in the passage?
- A. Decline
- B. Precarious
- C. Alleviating
- D. Increasing
- E. Encouraging
C. Alleviating
The context of the passage refers to government schemes aimed at alleviating unemployment.
10. What does the idiom “ripple effects” mean in the context of the passage?
- A. Unexpected positive results
- B. Benefits that accrue over time
- C. Indirect consequences that spread outwards
- D. Small and insignificant changes
- E. Direct and immediate outcomes
C. Indirect consequences that spread outwards
“Ripple effects” refer to the indirect and spreading consequences of a particular action or event.
PASSAGE 2 :
Floods are among the most devastating natural disasters, causing widespread damage to life and property. They occur when water overflows or inundates land that is usually dry, often as a result of heavy rainfall, the melting of snow, or the failure of a dam. While floods can be seasonal and sometimes inevitable, their impact can be catastrophic, particularly in densely populated areas. Floods disrupt lives, destroy infrastructure, and lead to long-term economic losses.
In many parts of the world, especially in low-lying regions, floods are a recurring phenomenon. India, for instance, faces severe flooding almost every year during the monsoon season. States like Assam, Bihar, and West Bengal are particularly vulnerable, as the overflowing of rivers such as the Brahmaputra and Ganges inundates large areas. The floodwaters not only wash away homes and crops but also lead to epidemics and displacement of people. Flood management has thus become a crucial issue for these regions, requiring both immediate and long-term solutions.
The devastation caused by floods is not limited to rural areas. Urban areas are increasingly facing the brunt of floods, largely due to poor drainage systems, unplanned urbanization, and the encroachment of water bodies. In cities like Mumbai and Chennai, heavy rainfall often leads to urban flooding, causing traffic snarls, property damage, and significant losses to the economy. While there have been attempts to upgrade drainage systems and install early warning mechanisms, the scale of urban flooding remains a major challenge.
Efforts to combat floods include both structural and non-structural measures. Structural measures involve building dams, levees, and flood barriers, while non-structural measures focus on improving forecasting systems, creating floodplain zoning regulations, and promoting sustainable land-use practices. In addition, governments and NGOs emphasize the need for resilience and disaster preparedness in flood-prone areas to minimize the loss of life and property.
Floods are not just natural disasters; they are a reminder of how vulnerable human settlements can be in the face of nature's forces. Without proper planning and infrastructure, communities will continue to face the dire consequences of flooding.
11. What are the main causes of floods as mentioned in the passage?
- A. Earthquakes, heavy winds, and droughts
- B. Deforestation, global warming, and air pollution
- C. Overpopulation, poverty, and lack of resources
- D. Excessive construction and mining
- E. Heavy rainfall, melting snow, dam failure
E. Heavy rainfall, melting snow, dam failure
The passage explains that these are the primary causes of floods.
12. Which Indian states are mentioned as being particularly vulnerable to flooding?
- A. Kerala, Gujarat, and Rajasthan
- B. Assam, Bihar, and West Bengal
- C. Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh
- D. Karnataka, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh
- E. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Goa
B. Assam, Bihar, and West Bengal
The passage identifies these states as being prone to flooding due to the overflowing rivers.
13. What is the synonym of “inevitable” as used in the passage?
- A. Avoidable
- B. Delayed
- C. Conditional
- D. Certain
- E. Unlikely
D. Certain
"Inevitable" refers to something that is certain to happen, as in the case of recurring floods.
14. What are the consequences of urban flooding as mentioned in the passage?
- A. Improvement of drainage systems
- B. Enhancement of infrastructure
- C. Traffic snarls, property damage, and economic losses
- D. Reduction in waterborne diseases
- E. Increase in tourism and real estate value
C. Traffic snarls, property damage, and economic losses
The passage discusses how urban areas face these consequences during floods.
15. What structural measures are mentioned for combating floods?
- A. Planting trees and reducing carbon emissions
- B. Creating underground drainage systems
- C. Building dams, levees, and flood barriers
- D. Relocating populations to safer areas
- E. Promoting tourism to flood-prone regions
C. Building dams, levees, and flood barriers
These are structural measures mentioned in the passage to manage floods.
16. What is the antonym of “devastation” as used in the passage?
- A. Construction
- B. Recovery
- C. Improvement
- D. Creation
- E. Enhancement
B. Recovery
"Devastation" refers to widespread destruction, so its antonym would be "recovery," which implies restoration after destruction.
17. Why do urban areas face significant flooding issues, according to the passage?
- A. Due to excessive rainfall and perfect planning
- B. Because of well-structured drainage systems
- C. Owing to poor drainage, unplanned urbanization, and encroachment of water bodies
- D. Due to large populations only
- E. Because of government negligence only
C. Owing to poor drainage, unplanned urbanization, and encroachment of water bodies
The passage explains that these are key contributors to urban flooding problems.
18. Which non-structural measures are suggested to combat floods?
- A. Building high-rise buildings in flood-prone areas
- B. Improving forecasting systems and promoting sustainable land-use practices
- C. Relying solely on natural weather patterns
- D. Creating artificial rivers
- E. Stopping all human activities near rivers
B. Improving forecasting systems and promoting sustainable land-use practices
The passage mentions these non-structural measures as important in flood management.
19. What should be placed in the blanks _________(1) in the passage?
- A. Epidemics
- B. Infrastructure
- C. Alleviation
- D. Resilience
- E. Encroachment
D. Resilience
The passage discusses how governments and NGOs focus on resilience and disaster preparedness in flood-prone areas.
20. What is the meaning of the idiom “brunt of” in the passage?
- A. The benefits of something
- B. The worst part or chief impact of something
- C. A minor consequence of an event
- D. The preparation for something
- E. The beginning stages of an event
B. The worst part or chief impact of something
The idiom "brunt of" refers to bearing the main force or impact of a problem, like floods.
PASSAGE 3 :
Journalism plays an indispensable role in shaping public opinion and holding those in power accountable, while also ensuring that the public remains well-informed. At its core, journalism seeks to uncover the truth and present it in an objective and unbiased manner. With the advent of digital media, journalism has undergone a significant transformation, allowing information to be disseminated rapidly and across global audiences via social media, websites, and mobile platforms. However, this rapid dissemination has also led to challenges, including the spread of misinformation and sensationalism, which threaten the credibility of news. Ethical journalism remains grounded in principles of accuracy, fairness, and transparency, which are essential for maintaining public trust. Journalists today must navigate increasingly complex issues, often tackling sensitive topics that demand both rigor and nuance. Investigative journalism, for example, has been instrumental in exposing corruption, human rights violations, and other societal injustices. While these efforts have brought about critical reforms and awareness, modern journalism faces heightened pressures from political entities, corporate interests, and a fragmented public. In an era where the lines between news and entertainment are increasingly blurred, the need for responsible, high-quality reporting has never been more urgent. The future of journalism will depend on how well the profession can balance speed with accuracy, ensuring that truth and integrity are not compromised in the pursuit of ratings or clicks. Despite these challenges, journalism remains a cornerstone of democracy, providing the essential service of keeping the public informed, empowered, and engaged in the civic process. Without responsible journalism, societies risk falling prey to misinformation, manipulation, and the erosion of democratic values.
21. What is the primary role of journalism, as described in the passage?
- A. To entertain the public
- B. To shape public opinion and hold power accountable
- C. To promote corporate interests
- D. To manipulate facts for sensationalism
- E. To increase social media engagement
B. To shape public opinion and hold power accountable
The passage explains that journalism's main role is to shape public opinion and hold those in power accountable while keeping the public well-informed.
22. According to the passage, what challenge has the rise of digital media posed for journalism?
- A. Increased accuracy of news
- B. Better understanding of global events
- C. Spread of misinformation and sensationalism
- D. More entertainment content
- E. Decline in investigative journalism
C. Spread of misinformation and sensationalism
The passage states that while digital media allows for rapid information dissemination, it has also caused the spread of misinformation and sensationalism.
23. What is a synonym for "blurred" as used in the passage?
- A. Focused
- B. Clear
- C. Hazy
- D. Transparent
- E. Accurate
C. Hazy
"Blurred" in the context of the passage means that the lines between news and entertainment are becoming unclear or hazy.
24. What does ethical journalism emphasize, according to the passage?
- A. Bias and emotional reporting
- B. Accuracy, fairness, and transparency
- C. Speed and sensationalism
- D. Political loyalty and corporate interests
- E. Increased entertainment value
B. Accuracy, fairness, and transparency
The passage mentions that ethical journalism is based on principles of accuracy, fairness, and transparency, which maintain public trust.
25. What type of journalism is described as uncovering corruption and societal injustices?
- A. Entertainment journalism
- B. Sports journalism
- C. Investigative journalism
- D. Editorial journalism
- E. Opinion journalism
C. Investigative journalism
The passage explains that investigative journalism exposes corruption, human rights abuses, and other societal injustices.
26. What is an antonym for "objective" as used in the passage?
- A. Biased
- B. Unbiased
- C. Fair
- D. Neutral
- E. Transparent
A. Biased
"Objective" means unbiased or neutral, so its antonym would be "biased."
27. What risk does society face without responsible journalism?
- A. The rise of investigative journalism
- B. Better understanding of civic duties
- C. Falling prey to misinformation and manipulation
- D. Increased accountability of politicians
- E. More accurate news reporting
C. Falling prey to misinformation and manipulation
The passage states that without responsible journalism, society is at risk of misinformation, manipulation, and the erosion of democratic values.
28. How has digital media changed journalism?
- A. It has slowed down the spread of news.
- B. It has made journalism more accurate.
- C. It has enabled faster dissemination of news globally.
- D. It has eliminated the need for investigative reporting.
- E. It has reduced the quality of news articles.
C. It has enabled faster dissemination of news globally.
The passage explains that digital media has transformed journalism by allowing news to spread rapidly to global audiences.
29. What should be placed in the blanks _____(1) in the passage?
- A. Bridge
- B. Overlap
- C. Divide
- D. Blur
- E. Distort
D. Blur
The passage uses the word "blur" to describe how the lines between news and entertainment are increasingly becoming unclear.
30. What does the idiom "cornerstone" refer to in the passage?
- A. A small but important part
- B. The foundation of something essential
- C. A tool used in construction
- D. A difficult challenge to overcome
- E. A piece of news
B. The foundation of something essential
"Cornerstone" is used in the passage to signify that journalism is a fundamental part of democracy, acting as a foundation for an informed public.
PASSAGE 4 :
The rise of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been one of the most significant achievements of modern India. Established in 1969, ISRO has played a pivotal role in advancing space technology and exploring the cosmos. Over the decades, ISRO has launched numerous satellites and conducted several successful space missions, including the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), which made India the first country to reach Mars' orbit in its maiden attempt.
ISRO's achievements are not just limited to space exploration. The organization has also contributed to various aspects of daily life through its satellite technology. For instance, ISRO's satellites play a crucial role in weather forecasting, agricultural planning, and disaster management. The data provided by these satellites helps farmers make informed decisions, improves weather predictions, and aids in the effective management of natural disasters.
Despite facing numerous challenges, including budget constraints and technical difficulties, ISRO has continued to make strides in space science. The organization’s focus on innovation and cost-effective solutions has earned it a reputation for excellence in the global space community. ISRO's success is a testament to India's growing capabilities in technology and science.
31. What is one of ISRO's significant achievements mentioned in the passage?
- A. The construction of a space station
- B. The launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)
- C. The discovery of new galaxies
- D. The development of a new spacecraft
- E. The establishment of an international space agency
B. The launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)
The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) is highlighted as a significant achievement of ISRO, making India the first to reach Mars' orbit on its first attempt.
32. How has ISRO’s satellite technology benefited daily life?
- A. By improving internet speed
- B. By aiding in weather forecasting, agricultural planning, and disaster management
- C. By providing free space travel to citizens
- D. By creating new communication networks
- E. By reducing the cost of consumer electronics
B. By aiding in weather forecasting, agricultural planning, and disaster management
ISRO's satellites contribute to various aspects of daily life, including weather forecasting and agricultural planning.
33. What is the synonym of "pivotal" as used in the passage?
- A. Minor
- B. Essential
- C. Irrelevant
- D. Disputed
- E. Secondary
B. Essential
"Pivotal" in the passage is synonymous with "essential," indicating something of crucial importance.
34. What role does satellite data play according to the passage?
- A. It helps in space travel
- B. It aids in fashion design
- C. It improves weather predictions and agricultural decisions
- D. It reduces air pollution
- E. It provides free internet access
C. It improves weather predictions and agricultural decisions
Satellite data helps in making informed decisions related to weather and agriculture.
35. What is a notable characteristic of ISRO’s approach to space missions?
- A. High expenditure on projects
- B. Focus on innovation and cost-effective solutions
- C. Reliance on foreign technology
- D. Limited space exploration
- E. Disregard for scientific research
B. Focus on innovation and cost-effective solutions
ISRO is known for its focus on innovation and cost-effectiveness, which has contributed to its success.
36. What is the antonym of "constraints" as used in the passage?
- A. Limitations
- B. Freedoms
- C. Barriers
- D. Restrictions
- E. Challenges
B. Freedoms
"Constraints" refers to limitations or restrictions, so the antonym is "freedoms," which means lack of restrictions.
37. What challenge does ISRO face according to the passage?
- A. Lack of international cooperation
- B. Budget constraints and technical difficulties
- C. Excessive government funding
- D. Overstaffing
- E. Lack of interest in space science
B. Budget constraints and technical difficulties
The passage mentions budget constraints and technical difficulties as challenges faced by ISRO.
38. What does ISRO's success reflect about India?
- A. Declining technological capabilities
- B. Increasing capabilities in technology and science
- C. Limited interest in space exploration
- D. Decreased international reputation
- E. Reduced investment in research
B. Increasing capabilities in technology and science
ISRO's success reflects India's growing capabilities in technology and science.
39. What should be placed in the blanks __________ (1) in the passage?
- A. Difficulty
- B. Awareness
- C. Challenges
- D. Success
- E. Interest
C. Challenges
The passage highlights that ISRO faces challenges, including budget constraints and technical difficulties.
40. Which idiom best describes ISRO’s approach to overcoming obstacles?
- A. "Break the ice"
- B. "Hit the nail on the head"
- C. "Rise to the occasion"
- D. "Let the cat out of the bag"
- E. "Add fuel to the fire"
C. "Rise to the occasion"
"Rise to the occasion" means to meet a challenge successfully, which fits ISRO’s approach to overcoming obstacles.
PASSAGE 5 :
In recent years, the popularity of sustainable fashion has grown significantly. As consumers become more aware of the environmental impact of their purchases, they are increasingly seeking out clothing options that are both eco-friendly and ethically produced. Sustainable fashion refers to garments that are designed, manufactured, and sold in ways that minimize their impact on the environment and ensure fair labor practices.
One key aspect of sustainable fashion is the use of materials that have a lower environmental footprint. For example, organic cotton is grown without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which reduces soil and water pollution. Additionally, many brands are turning to recycled materials, such as recycled polyester, to create new garments. This approach helps to reduce waste and the demand for virgin resources.
Another important element of sustainable fashion is ethical production. This involves ensuring that the workers involved in the manufacturing process are paid fair wages and work in safe conditions. Many sustainable fashion brands are transparent about their supply chains and are committed to fair trade practices. This transparency allows consumers to make informed choices about the brands they support.
Despite the benefits of sustainable fashion, challenges remain. The industry must address issues such as the higher cost of sustainable materials and the need for widespread consumer __________ (1). However, as more brands adopt sustainable practices and more consumers demand them, the future of fashion looks set to become both more ethical and environmentally friendly.
41. What is the main focus of sustainable fashion?
- A. Reducing production costs
- B. Minimizing environmental impact and ensuring fair labor practices
- C. Increasing brand popularity
- D. Maximizing profit margins
- E. Expanding product lines
B. Minimizing environmental impact and ensuring fair labor practices
The main focus of sustainable fashion is to minimize its environmental impact and ensure ethical production practices.
42. What is one benefit of using organic cotton in sustainable fashion?
- A. It is less expensive to produce
- B. It requires synthetic pesticides
- C. It reduces soil and water pollution
- D. It increases production speed
- E. It is not as durable
C. It reduces soil and water pollution
Organic cotton is grown without synthetic pesticides, which helps to reduce soil and water pollution.
43. What is the synonym of "sustainable" as used in the passage?
- A. Harmful
- B. Eco-friendly
- C. Expensive
- D. Temporary
- E. Inefficient
B. Eco-friendly
"Sustainable" in the passage is synonymous with "eco-friendly," referring to environmentally conscious practices.
44. Why are many brands turning to recycled materials in their clothing?
- A. To reduce manufacturing costs
- B. To avoid labor disputes
- C. To reduce waste and demand for virgin resources
- D. To increase brand exclusivity
- E. To improve garment durability
C. To reduce waste and demand for virgin resources
Recycled materials help reduce waste and the need for new resources, which is a key aspect of sustainable fashion.
45. What does ethical production involve in the context of sustainable fashion?
- A. Using cheaper labor to reduce costs
- B. Ensuring workers are paid fair wages and work in safe conditions
- C. Avoiding the use of natural fibers
- D. Limiting the transparency of the supply chain
- E. Increasing production volume
B. Ensuring workers are paid fair wages and work in safe conditions
Ethical production ensures that workers receive fair wages and work in safe conditions.
46. What is the antonym of "ethical" as used in the passage?
- A. Just
- B. Unethical
- C. Fair
- D. Honest
- E. Noble
B. Unethical
The antonym of "ethical" is "unethical," referring to practices that are not morally right.
47. Why is consumer education important in the context of sustainable fashion?
- A. To increase brand loyalty
- B. To reduce production costs
- C. To inform consumers about the benefits and practices of sustainable fashion
- D. To expand product lines
- E. To decrease the need for recycled materials
C. To inform consumers about the benefits and practices of sustainable fashion
Educating consumers helps them understand the benefits and practices of sustainable fashion.
48. What is likely to happen as more brands adopt sustainable practices?
- A. The cost of sustainable materials will increase
- B. The fashion industry will become less ethical
- C. The future of fashion will become more ethical and environmentally friendly
- D. Consumer demand for unsustainable products will rise
- E. The industry will face fewer challenges
C. The future of fashion will become more ethical and environmentally friendly
As more brands adopt sustainable practices, the fashion industry is likely to become more ethical and environmentally friendly.
49. What should be placed in the blanks __________ (1) in the passage?
- A. confusion
- B. education
- C. skepticism
- D. competition
- E. ignorance
B. education
The passage highlights the need for widespread consumer education as a challenge in the sustainable fashion industry.
50. What role does recycled polyester play in sustainable fashion?
- A. It increases the cost of production
- B. It contributes to soil pollution
- C. It helps reduce waste and the demand for new resources
- D. It is less durable than virgin polyester
- E. It is not widely used
C. It helps reduce waste and the demand for new resources
Recycled polyester is used to help reduce waste and the need for new, virgin resources.
PASSAGE 6 :
In the realm of ancient civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization stands out as one of the earliest and most advanced urban cultures in history. Flourishing around 2500 BCE, this civilization was located in what is now modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. The Indus Valley Civilization is renowned for its sophisticated city planning, which included well-organized streets, advanced drainage systems, and impressive architectural structures.
The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are among the most notable examples of Indus Valley urban centers. These cities were equipped with an intricate system of brick-built houses and a centralized sewage system that was remarkably advanced for its time. The people of the Indus Valley were also skilled artisans, known for their intricate beadwork, pottery, and seals that often depicted animals and deities.
Despite its advancements, the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization remains a topic of significant debate among historians. Several theories have been proposed, including climate change, shifts in river patterns, and invasions by external forces. The exact cause of the civilization's decline is still unknown, but its legacy continues to influence the region's cultural and historical understanding.
The artifacts uncovered from the Indus Valley sites offer valuable insights into the daily lives of its inhabitants. These artifacts include tools, toys, and jewelry, which help researchers piece together aspects of Indus Valley life. The ongoing study of these artifacts contributes to our broader understanding of ancient urban development and trade practices.
51. What is one notable feature of the Indus Valley Civilization's city planning?
- A. Random street layouts
- B. Advanced drainage systems
- C. Simple wooden houses
- D. Lack of organized streets
- E. Absence of sewage systems
B. Advanced drainage systems
The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its advanced drainage systems and well-organized city planning.
52. Which cities are mentioned as notable examples of Indus Valley urban centers?
- A. Rome and Athens
- B. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
- C. Cairo and Thebes
- D. Babylon and Nineveh
- E. Sumer and Ur
B. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are specifically mentioned as notable cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.
53. What is the synonym of "advanced" as used in the passage?
- A. Primitive
- B. Modern
- C. Outdated
- D. Sophisticated
- E. Basic
D. Sophisticated
In the context of the passage, "advanced" is synonymous with "sophisticated," referring to the complexity and progress of the civilization's systems.
54. What were the Indus Valley people skilled in, according to the passage?
- A. Metalwork and textiles
- B. Beadwork, pottery, and seals
- C. Navigation and astronomy
- D. Architecture and mathematics
- E. Sculpture and painting
B. Beadwork, pottery, and seals
The people of the Indus Valley were known for their intricate beadwork, pottery, and seals.
55. What are some theories about the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?
- A. Increased trade with neighboring civilizations
- B. Innovations in agriculture
- C. Climate change, river shifts, and invasions
- D. Peaceful transitions to other regions
- E. Sudden technological advancements
C. Climate change, river shifts, and invasions
Theories about the decline include climate change, shifts in river patterns, and invasions.
56. What is the antonym of "decline" as used in the passage?
- A. Deterioration
- B. Growth
- C. Reduction
- D. Fall
- E. Decrease
B. Growth
The antonym of "decline" in this context is "growth," referring to an increase or improvement.
57. What role do artifacts play in understanding the Indus Valley Civilization?
- A. They provide insights into modern technology
- B. They offer valuable information about daily life and trade
- C. They are unrelated to historical research
- D. They hinder the understanding of the civilization
- E. They only depict religious practices
B. They offer valuable information about daily life and trade
Artifacts provide insights into various aspects of daily life and trade practices in the Indus Valley Civilization.
58. What aspect of the Indus Valley Civilization's urban development is highlighted in the passage?
- A. Its use of temporary shelters
- B. Its reliance on manual labor
- C. Its sophisticated city planning and drainage systems
- D. Its lack of architectural advancements
- E. Its focus on agricultural development
C. Its sophisticated city planning and drainage systems
The passage emphasizes the advanced city planning and drainage systems of the Indus Valley Civilization.
59. What should be placed in the blanks __________ (1) in the passage?
- A. Awareness
- B. Education
- C. Confusion
- D. Interest
- E. Understanding
E. Understanding
The passage implies that widespread understanding is needed to fully grasp the significance of the Indus Valley Civilization's decline.
60. What is an example of an artifact found in the Indus Valley sites?
- A. Ancient manuscripts
- B. Tools, toys, and jewelry
- C. Architectural blueprints
- D. Paintings and sculptures
- E. Metal weapons
B. Tools, toys, and jewelry
Artifacts from the Indus Valley include tools, toys, and jewelry, which provide insights into daily life.
PASSAGE 7 :
The Indian Premier League (IPL) has revolutionized the world of cricket since its inception in 2008. This tournament has become one of the most popular and lucrative cricket leagues globally. Known for its high-octane matches and star-studded line-ups, the IPL offers a unique blend of entertainment and competitive sports.
Teams from various cities across India compete in the IPL, and each season draws significant attention from fans around the world. The league has not only elevated the standard of cricket in India but has also provided a platform for young talent to showcase their skills. The IPL has indeed hit the jackpot in terms of both viewership and financial success.
Moreover, the league's format, which includes a mix of international and local players, adds to its charm. The IPL's ability to bring together diverse talent and create thrilling matches has made it a staple in the cricketing calendar. However, the league also faces criticisms regarding its impact on domestic cricket and player workload.
61. What is a notable feature of the IPL mentioned in the passage?
- A. Lack of international players
- B. Limited viewership
- C. High popularity and financial success
- D. Strictly local teams
- E. Minimal entertainment value
C. High popularity and financial success
The passage highlights the IPL's significant popularity and financial success.
62. What aspect of the IPL format is mentioned in the passage?
- A. Exclusively international players
- B. A focus on domestic players only
- C. A mix of international and local players
- D. Limited matches per season
- E. Absence of star players
C. A mix of international and local players
The passage notes that the IPL includes a mix of international and local players, adding to its appeal.
63. What is the synonym of “lucrative” as used in the passage?
- A. Unprofitable
- B. Profitable
- C. Expensive
- D. Mediocre
- E. Dull
B. Profitable
In the passage, “lucrative” means profitable, indicating high financial gains.
64. How has the IPL impacted young talent, according to the passage?
- A. By limiting opportunities for young players
- B. By providing a platform for young talent to showcase their skills
- C. By reducing the quality of cricket
- D. By focusing solely on veteran players
- E. By restricting the number of matches
B. By providing a platform for young talent to showcase their skills
The passage emphasizes that the IPL offers young players an opportunity to display their talents.
65. What does the passage say about the IPL's financial success?
- A. It has been modest and low-key
- B. It is considered a moderate success
- C. It has achieved significant financial success
- D. It has faced financial difficulties
- E. It has been unsuccessful financially
C. It has achieved significant financial success
The passage describes the IPL as having substantial financial success.
66. What is the antonym of “elevated” as used in the passage?
- A. Raised
- B. Increased
- C. Lowered
- D. Enhanced
- E. Promoted
C. Lowered
“Elevated” means raised or improved, so the antonym would be “lowered,” indicating a reduction.
67. What is the primary criticism of the IPL mentioned in the passage?
- A. Lack of international participation
- B. High costs for viewers
- C. Impact on domestic cricket and player workload
- D. Limited media coverage
- E. Poor quality of matches
C. Impact on domestic cricket and player workload
The passage mentions criticisms regarding the IPL’s impact on domestic cricket and the workload of players.
68. What does the phrase “hit the jackpot” mean in the context of the passage?
- A. To fail miserably
- B. To achieve great success
- C. To face significant losses
- D. To encounter difficulties
- E. To remain unnoticed
B. To achieve great success
The phrase “hit the jackpot” means to achieve significant success or gain.
69. What should be placed in the blanks __________ (1) in the passage?
- A. Failure
- B. Decline
- C. Success
- D. Obstacle
- E. Challenge
C. Success
The passage describes the IPL's significant achievements, so “success” fits the context.
70. Which idiom best describes the IPL's impact on cricket?
- A. "Bite the bullet"
- B. "A stitch in time saves nine"
- C. "The ball is in your court"
- D. "The sky’s the limit"
- E. "A blessing in disguise"
D. "The sky’s the limit"
"The sky’s the limit" implies unlimited potential, fitting the description of the IPL's impact and success.
PASSAGE 8 :
The Indian Railways has a rich history of serving as the backbone of transportation in India. The first passenger train service began in 1853, connecting Bombay (now Mumbai) and Thane. Since then, it has grown into one of the largest rail networks in the world. With its extensive network connecting every corner of the country, the Indian Railways plays a crucial role in facilitating economic growth and mobility.
The railways are not just a means of transportation but also a symbol of India's development. Modernization efforts, including the introduction of high-speed trains and advanced signaling systems, have significantly improved efficiency and safety. These advancements have helped meet the increasing demand for reliable transportation and have brought the country closer together.
Despite its achievements, the Indian Railways faces challenges such as overcrowding, outdated infrastructure, and maintenance issues. However, ongoing projects and reforms aim to address these concerns and ensure that the railways continue to be a vital part of India's transportation system.
71. What is a significant role of the Indian Railways as mentioned in the passage?
- A. Serving only local transportation needs
- B. Contributing to economic growth and mobility
- C. Operating with outdated technology
- D. Limiting connections to major cities
- E. Providing minimal impact on transportation
B. Contributing to economic growth and mobility
The passage highlights the Indian Railways' role in facilitating economic growth and mobility.
72. What modernization efforts have been made in the Indian Railways?
- A. Introduction of outdated trains
- B. Reduction in railway routes
- C. Advanced signaling systems and high-speed trains
- D. Limiting the use of technology
- E. Focus solely on freight transportation
C. Advanced signaling systems and high-speed trains
The passage mentions the introduction of high-speed trains and advanced signaling systems as part of modernization efforts.
73. What is the synonym of “facilitating” as used in the passage?
- A. Hindering
- B. Obstructing
- C. Assisting
- D. Complicating
- E. Restricting
C. Assisting
“Facilitating” means to assist or make easier, which aligns with the context in the passage.
74. How does the passage describe the Indian Railways' impact on the country?
- A. As a symbol of economic decline
- B. As a minor contributor to national development
- C. As a symbol of India's development and connectivity
- D. As a focus solely on regional transportation
- E. As irrelevant to economic growth
C. As a symbol of India's development and connectivity
The passage describes the Indian Railways as a symbol of development and connectivity.
75. What ongoing issues does the Indian Railways face according to the passage?
- A. Excessive modernization
- B. Overcrowding and maintenance issues
- C. Lack of international connections
- D. Insufficient technological advancements
- E. Decline in passenger numbers
B. Overcrowding and maintenance issues
The passage mentions overcrowding and maintenance issues as challenges faced by the Indian Railways.
76. What is the antonym of “modernization” as used in the passage?
- A. Advancement
- B. Innovation
- C. Obsolescence
- D. Improvement
- E. Development
C. Obsolescence
“Modernization” refers to updating and improving, so “obsolescence” (becoming outdated) is the antonym.
77. What does the phrase “**brought the country closer**” mean in the context of the passage?
- A. Increased regional divisions
- B. Improved national unity and connectivity
- C. Enhanced local transportation only
- D. Reduced travel time significantly
- E. Limited impact on national integration
B. Improved national unity and connectivity
The phrase “brought the country closer” indicates enhanced unity and connectivity within the country.
78. What has been a major benefit of the Indian Railways modernization efforts?
- A. Decreased travel efficiency
- B. Reduced passenger safety
- C. Improved efficiency and safety
- D. Limited impact on economic growth
- E. Increased travel costs
C. Improved efficiency and safety
The passage notes that modernization efforts have improved both efficiency and safety in the railways.
79. What should be placed in the blanks __________ (1) in the passage?
- A. Isolation
- B. Development
- C. Delay
- D. Improvement
- E. Obstruction
B. Development
The passage discusses the role of the Indian Railways in facilitating economic growth and mobility, so “development” fits the context.
80. Which idiom best describes the Indian Railways' impact on the country?
- A. "The ball is in your court"
- B. "Hit the nail on the head"
- C. "Break new ground"
- D. "The sky’s the limit"
- E. "Bite the bullet"
C. "Break new ground"
"Break new ground" means to innovate or make significant progress, which describes the impact of the Indian Railways’ modernization efforts.
PASSAGE 9 :
Sustainable agriculture has become increasingly important as the world faces challenges related to climate change, population growth, and environmental degradation. This approach to farming focuses on meeting current food needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. By integrating practices that enhance soil health, conserve water, and reduce reliance on chemical inputs, sustainable agriculture aims to create a more resilient and productive food system.
One key component of sustainable agriculture is crop rotation. This practice involves alternating the types of crops grown in a particular area each season. Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion, reduces the risk of pest and disease buildup, and can improve overall crop yields. Another important aspect is the use of cover crops, which protect and enrich the soil during periods when main crops are not being grown.
The transition to sustainable agriculture often requires changes in traditional farming methods and may involve initial challenges, such as higher upfront costs or learning new techniques. However, the long-term benefits, including improved soil fertility, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced biodiversity, make it a worthwhile investment for farmers and the planet alike.
81. What is the primary goal of sustainable agriculture as mentioned in the passage?
- A. To maximize short-term yields
- B. To use chemical inputs exclusively
- C. To meet current food needs without compromising future generations
- D. To reduce soil health
- E. To eliminate crop rotation
C. To meet current food needs without compromising future generations
The passage highlights the goal of sustainable agriculture as meeting current food needs while ensuring future generations can also meet theirs.
82. What is crop rotation and why is it important?
- A. Growing the same crop continuously to save time
- B. Planting different crops in the same field each season to improve soil health
- C. Using cover crops to replace main crops
- D. Depleting soil nutrients
- E. Reducing pest and disease resistance
B. Planting different crops in the same field each season to improve soil health
The passage describes crop rotation as a practice that improves soil health and reduces pest and disease buildup.
83. What is the synonym of “resilient” as used in the passage?
- A. Fragile
- B. Sturdy
- C. Weak
- D. Delicate
- E. Unstable
B. Sturdy
“Resilient” means capable of recovering quickly or being strong and sturdy.
84. What does the passage suggest is a key component of sustainable agriculture?
- A. Increased use of chemical fertilizers
- B. Single crop farming
- C. Crop rotation
- D. Ignoring soil health
- E. Eliminating cover crops
C. Crop rotation
The passage highlights crop rotation as a crucial aspect of sustainable agriculture.
85. Which practice helps to protect and enrich the soil when main crops are not being grown?
- A. Soil depletion
- B. Chemical inputs
- C. Cover crops
- D. Monoculture
- E. Soil erosion
C. Cover crops
The passage mentions cover crops as a practice that protects and enriches the soil during periods without main crops.
86. What is the antonym of “degradation” as used in the passage?
- A. Decline
- B. Deterioration
- C. Improvement
- D. Erosion
- E. Damage
C. Improvement
“Degradation” refers to the process of deterioration, so “improvement” is the antonym.
87. What does the passage imply about the initial challenges of transitioning to sustainable agriculture?
- A. They are negligible and easily managed
- B. They include higher upfront costs and learning new techniques
- C. They lead to immediate benefits with no drawbacks
- D. They are mostly related to soil erosion
- E. They involve reducing crop yields
B. They include higher upfront costs and learning new techniques
The passage notes that transitioning to sustainable agriculture may involve higher costs and the need for new techniques.
88. What is one long-term benefit of sustainable agriculture mentioned in the passage?
- A. Increased environmental impact
- B. Decreased biodiversity
- C. Improved soil fertility
- D. Reduced crop yields
- E. Increased reliance on chemical inputs
C. Improved soil fertility
The passage mentions improved soil fertility as a long-term benefit of sustainable agriculture.
89. What should be placed in the blanks __________ (1) in the passage?
- A. Erosion
- B. Pollution
- C. Resilience
- D. Depletion
- E. Development
C. Resilience
The context of the passage suggests that "resilience" fits well in the blank related to the characteristics of sustainable agriculture.
90. Which idiom best describes the benefits of sustainable agriculture?
- A. "Bite the bullet"
- B. "In the long run"
- C. "Break the ice"
- D. "Hit the jackpot"
- E. "Under the weather"
B. "In the long run"
"In the long run" means over a long period, which fits the context of discussing the long-term benefits of sustainable agriculture.
PASSAGE 10 :
The city of Jaipur , known as the Pink City, is renowned for its vibrant culture and rich history. Established in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, Jaipur is a splendid example of traditional Rajasthani architecture and urban planning. The city is dotted with majestic forts, opulent palaces, and grand temples, each narrating a story from its glorious past.
One of the most famous landmarks in Jaipur is the Hawa Mahal , or the Palace of Winds. This iconic structure, built in 1799, features a facade with over 900 small windows, designed to allow royal women to observe street festivities without being seen. Another notable site is the Amber Fort, a stunning example of Rajput architecture that offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.
Jaipur is also known for its vibrant bazaars, where one can find a plethora of traditional handicrafts and textiles. The city’s markets are bustling with activity and are famous for their colorful fabrics, intricate jewelry, and handcrafted pottery. These markets not only offer a glimpse into the local culture but also provide visitors with unique souvenirs.
In recent years, Jaipur has embraced modernity while preserving its historical essence. The city's infrastructure has seen significant improvements, including the development of new roads, better public transport, and enhanced facilities for tourists. This blend of old and new makes Jaipur a unique destination that caters to both history enthusiasts and modern travelers.
Despite its progress, Jaipur continues to face challenges such as urban congestion and pollution. Efforts are underway to address these issues through various environmental and urban planning initiatives. The city’s commitment to balancing growth with sustainability reflects its dedication to maintaining its historical charm while adapting to contemporary needs.
91. What is the significance of Jaipur’s architecture and urban planning?
- A. It reflects modern urban design principles
- B. It is a traditional example of Rajasthani architecture
- C. It is influenced by Western architectural styles
- D. It focuses on minimalistic design
- E. It lacks historical significance
B. It is a traditional example of Rajasthani architecture
The passage highlights Jaipur’s architecture as a traditional example of Rajasthani style and urban planning.
92. What is the purpose of the windows in the Hawa Mahal?
- A. To provide a view of the palace garden
- B. To allow royal women to observe street festivities without being seen
- C. To serve as ventilation for the palace
- D. To display royal decorations
- E. To light up the palace interiors
B. To allow royal women to observe street festivities without being seen
The passage describes the Hawa Mahal’s windows as designed for royal women to observe street activities discreetly.
93. What is the synonym of “handicrafts” as used in the passage?
- A. Mass-produced items
- B. Handmade goods
- C. Imported goods
- D. Technological products
- E. Industrial products
B. Handmade goods
“Handicrafts” refers to items made by hand, which aligns with “handmade goods.”
94. How does the passage describe Jaipur’s markets?
- A. Quiet and sparsely populated
- B. High-tech and modern
- C. Bustling with activity and rich in traditional goods
- D. Focused on high-end luxury items
- E. Mainly focused on international brands
C. Bustling with activity and rich in traditional goods
The passage describes Jaipur’s markets as vibrant and filled with traditional handicrafts and textiles.
95. What recent developments have been made in Jaipur?
- A. Increase in historical preservation projects
- B. Development of new roads, better public transport, and enhanced tourist facilities
- C. Reduction in urban population
- D. Expansion of ancient forts and temples
- E. Shift to solely traditional lifestyle
B. Development of new roads, better public transport, and enhanced tourist facilities
The passage mentions improvements in infrastructure, including new roads and better public transport.
96. What is the antonym of “congestion” as used in the passage?
- A. Crowding
- B. Density
- C. Emptiness
- D. Overpopulation
- E. Busyness
C. Emptiness
“Congestion” refers to overcrowding or blockage, so “emptiness” is the antonym.
97. What does the phrase “vibrant culture” mean in the context of the passage?
- A. A culture that is monotonous and repetitive
- B. A culture that is lively, colorful, and full of activity
- C. A culture that is dull and inactive
- D. A culture that is focused solely on modernity
- E. A culture that lacks historical roots
B. A culture that is lively, colorful, and full of activity
“Vibrant culture” refers to a lively and colorful culture with rich activities and traditions.
98. Which landmark in Jaipur was designed with numerous small windows?
- A. Amber Fort
- B. City Palace
- C. Hawa Mahal
- D. Jal Mahal
- E. Nahargarh Fort
C. Hawa Mahal
The passage specifies that the Hawa Mahal features over 900 small windows.
99. What should be placed in the blanks __________ (1) in the passage?
- A. Harmony
- B. Disarray
- C. Congestion
- D. Peace
- E. Abundance
C. Congestion
The context of the passage suggests “congestion” fits well in the blank related to urban issues.
100. What does the idiom “vibrant culture” mean in the context of the passage?
- A. A culture that is calm and quiet
- B. A culture that is lively and full of activity
- C. A culture that is focused on technological advancements
- D. A culture that is monotonous and repetitive
- E. A culture that lacks traditional elements
B. A culture that is lively and full of activity
The idiom “vibrant culture” refers to a lively and active cultural environment.
